Tulunid dynasty, 868-905 (Personal Name)

Wikipedia, May 21, 2014: Tulunids (Ṭūlūnids; طولونيون; Vassal of the Abbasid caliphate, 868-905; The Tulunids were the first independent dynasty to rule Islamic Egypt. They ruled the country, as well as much of Syria, from 868, when they broke away from the central authority of the Abbasid dynasty that ruled the Islamic Caliphate during that time, until 905, when the Abbasids restored the Tulunid domains to their control)

Britannica online, May 21, 2014 (Ṭūlūnid Dynasty, first local dynasty of Egypt and Syria to exist independently of the ʻAbbāsid caliphate in Baghdad, ruling 868-905. Its founder, Aḥmad ibn Ṭūlūn, a Turk, arrived in Egypt in 868 as vice governor and promptly (868-872) established a military and financial foothold in the province by organizing an independent Egyptian army and securing the management of the Egyptian and Syrian treasuries. Insufficient payment of tribute brought caliphal troops against him in 877, but Aḥmad maintained his position by occupying Syria (878). During his rule (868-884), the most significant in Ṭūlūnid history, the provinces developed agriculturally, commerce and industry were encouraged, and the artistic traditions of the ʻAbbāsids of Baghdad and Sāmarrāʼ were introduced into western Islām. The subsequent Ṭūlūnids, Khumārawayh (884-896), Jaysh (896), Hārūn (896-905), and Shaybān (905), were ineffectual rulers, totally reliant on a Turkish-black military caste. Under the administration of Khumārawayh, Aḥmad's son, the Syro-Egyptian state's financial and military stability was destroyed, and the state finally reverted to the ʻAbbāsids in 905. After the fall of the Ṭūlūnids, the arts in Egypt deteriorated and did not recover until the Fāṭimids took power. They were strongly influenced by the Ṭūlūnids and, by the 11th century, had made Egypt the cultural centre of western Islām)