Land reform and farm restructuring in transition countries : the experience of Bulgaria, Moldova, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan / Nora Dudwick, Karin Fock, David Sedik.

Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- Introduction -- 1. Bulgaria: With Good Overall Prospects, Good Agricultural Policy, and Good Governance Indicators, Why Are Bulgarian Rural Households So Badly Off? -- The Context of Land Reform -- Agricultural Production and the Design and Implementation of Land Reform -- Local Government Reforms and Public Service Funding -- Disposition of Land Received -- Economic Performance of Farms -- Well-being of Rural Households -- Rural Services, Social Benefits, and Community Life -- Conclusions -- 2. Moldova: With a Well-designed Land Reform Shaped Greatly by Donors, Why Have Farms in Moldova Not Performed Better? -- The Context of Land Reform -- Agricultural Production and the Design and Implementation of Land Reform -- Local Government Reforms and Public Service Funding -- Disposition of Land Received -- Economic Performance of Farms -- Well-being of Rural Households -- Rural Services, Social Benefits, and Community Life -- Conclusions -- 3. Azerbaijan: With Some of the Poorest Governance Indicators in the CIS, How Did Azerbaijan Implement a Land Reform that Was Viewed by Farmers as Quite Fair and that Led to a Substantial Increase in Productivity? -- The Context of Land Reform -- Agricultural Production and the Design and Implementation of Land Reform -- Local Government Reforms and Public Service Funding -- Disposition of Land Received -- Economic Performance of Farms -- Well-being of Rural Households -- Rural Services, Social Benefits, and Community Life -- Conclusions -- 4. Kazakhstan: Why Does Kazakhstan Have Surprising Results from a Poor Reform? -- The Context of Land Reform -- Agricultural Production and the Design and Implementation of Land Reform -- Local Government Reforms and Public Service Funding -- Disposition of Land Received -- Economic Performance of Farms.

Well-being of Rural Farming Households -- Rural Services, Social Benefits, and Community Life -- Conclusions -- 5. General Conclusions and Implications for Policy -- Appendixes -- A: Four-country Tables and Figures -- B: Background Information on World Bank Survey of Farms, 2003 -- References -- LIST OF TABLES -- 1. Monthly Per Capita Expenditure, Perceived Well-being, and Income Composition of Surveyed Households that Use and Do Not Use Land Received During Land Reform -- 2. Productivity Measures for Farms Surveyed in Bulgaria, by Type -- 3. Productivity Measures for Farms Surveyed in Moldova, by Type -- 4. Monthly Per Capita Expenditure, Perceived Well-being, and Income Composition of Surveyed Households that Use and Do Not Use Land Received during Land Reform -- 5. Productivity Measures for Farms Surveyed in Azerbaijan, by Type -- 6. Deterioration of Selected Public Services in Azerbaijan, 1990-2000 -- 7. Monthly Per Capita Expenditure, Perceived Well-being, and Income Composition of Surveyed Households that Use and Do Not Use Land Received during Land Reform -- 8. Productivity Measures for Farms Surveyed in Kazakhstan, by Type -- A1. Six Components of Governance, 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2002 -- A2. Age Structure of Rural Population in Countries Surveyed -- A3. Disposition of Land in Surveyed Households -- A4. Employment in Agriculture Relative to Total Employment, 1991-2001 -- A5. Productivity Measures for Farm Enterprises Surveyed, by Size Category -- A6. Farming Household Perceptions of Enabling Environment and Well-being -- A7. Rating of the Enabling Environment for Farming by Households and Farm Enterprises Surveyed -- A8. Income Composition of Households Surveyed -- A9. Sociodemographic Profiles of Households Reporting Low and High Perceived Levels of Well-being.

A10. Portion of Households Perceiving Land Allocation as Fair and Reasons for Unfair Land Allocation -- A11. Profitability of Agricultural Enterprises in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Moldova, 1990-2002 -- A12. Households' Level of Satisfaction with Provision of Electricity, Gas, Drinking Water, Telephone -- A13. Percentage of Households Surveyed with Access to Social Benefits before Dismantling of the Sovkhoz and Kolkhoz Farms and Today -- A14. Households' Perceptions of Community Life -- A15. Structure of Gross Agricultural Production, by Category of Farm, 1991, 2002 -- B1. Sample of World Bank Farm Restructuring Survey, 2003 -- LIST OF FIGURES -- 1. Bulgaria: Status of Agrarian Reforms -- 2. GDP, Crop and Livestock Production, and Restitution of Land in Bulgaria, 1985-2002 -- 3. Indexes of Crop and Livestock Yields and Agricultural Labor Productivity in Bulgaria, 1985-2003 -- 4. Moldova: Status of Agrarian Reforms -- 5. GDP, Crop Production, and Portion of Land in Individual Farms in Moldova, 1985-2002 -- 6. GDP, Livestock Production, and Livestock Inventories in Individual Farms in Moldova, 1985-2003 -- 7. Indexes of Crop and Livestock Yields and Agricultural Labor Productivity in Moldova, 1985-2003 -- 8. Aggregate, Corporate Farm, and Individual Farm Crop Yields in Moldova, 1990-2002 -- 9. Azerbaijan: Status of Agrarian Reforms -- 10. GDP, Crop Production, and Portion of Land in Individual Farms in Azerbaijan, 1985-2002 -- 11. GDP, Livestock Production, and Portion of Livestock Inventories in Individual Farms in Azerbaijan, 1985-2002 -- 12. Indexes of Crop and Livestock Yields and Agricultural Labor Productivity in Azerbaijan, 1985-2003 -- 13. Aggregate, Corporate Farm, and Individual Farm Crop Yields in Azerbaijan, 1990-2002 -- 14. Aggregate, Corporate Farm, and Individual Farm Livestock Yields in Azerbaijan, 1990-2002.

15. Kazakhstan: Status of Agrarian Reforms -- 16. Agricultural Land in Kazakhstan's Farms, 1990-2002 -- 17. GDP, Crop Production, and Portion of Land in Individual Farms in Kazakhstan, 1985-2002 -- 18. GDP, Livestock Production, and Livestock Inventories in Individual Farms in Kazakhstan, 1985-2003 -- 19. Indexes of Crop and Livestock Yields and Agricultural Labor Productivity in Kazakhstan, 1985-2003 -- 20. Aggregate, Corporate Farm, and Individual Farm Crop Yields in Kazakhstan, 1990-2002 -- 21. Aggregate, Corporate Farm, and Individual Farm Livestock Yields in Kazakhstan, 1990-2002 -- A1. Percentages of Male- and Female-headed Households Stating that Well-being Has Improved or Deteriorated over the Previous Three Years -- A2. Aggregate, Corporate, and Individual Farm Livestock Yields in Moldova, 1990-2002 -- LIST OF BOXES -- 1. Agricultural Producer Terminology -- 2. Crop and Livestock Yield Indexes -- 3. Perceptions of Intermediaries by Small and Large Farmers in Bulgaria -- 4. Perceptions About Community Relationships -- 5. How a Collective Farm in the Taraclia Region Lives On -- 6. Rural Services in the Shamakhy and Khachmaz Districts of Azerbaijan -- 7. Land Share Distribution in Akmola Oblast, Kazakhstan.

In the past fifteen years, most countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States have shifted from predominantly collective to more individualized agriculture. These years also have witnessed the largest fall in agricultural production, yields, and rural employment on record, while the deterioration and dissolution of collective and state farms have been accompanied by a significant drop in rural public services. Land Reform and Farm Restructuring provides a structured and comparative review of important aspects of land reform and documents important differences in policies between countries to examine why the reforms have not yet lived up to their potential. It is based on data from farm and household surveys and interviews conducted in 2003 and 2004. Case studies from Bulgaria, Moldova, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan - countries that have had particular difficulties in land reform, farm restructuring, farm performance, or rural poverty - each highlight a central conundrum about land reform and farm restructuring. The paper concludes with some implications for policy.

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